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mondain：《达芬奇密码》中的问题（3）尼西亚会议决定耶稣的神性吗?

关键词： 达芬奇密码                                          

《达芬奇密码》中的问题（3）

尼西亚会议决定耶稣的神性吗?

mondain

"在这次大会[尼西亚会议]上人们就基督教许多方面的问题都进行了辩论和投票, 比如像复活节的日期、主教的职责和圣礼的管理, 当然也包括耶稣的神性."

"亲爱的, 在那个时候之前, 耶稣的追随者们认为他是一个凡人预言家, 一个伟大而能力超群的人. 但无论如何, 他是一个人, 一个凡人."

"投票结果比较接近, 险些没被通过. 但不管怎样, 确立耶稣的神性, 对罗马帝国的进一步统一以及增强梵蒂冈中心的权力都至关重要. 通过确立耶稣神性的手段, 康斯坦丁把耶稣变成了一个超脱于人类世界、权力不容侵犯的神. 这不仅揭开了异教徒们进一步挑战基督教的序幕, 还使得基督的追随者们只能通过罗马天主教堂——这个唯一确定的神圣途径——来给自己赎罪."

"其中的曲折在于, 由于康斯坦丁是在耶稣去世四百年后才把他说成神的, 因此有成千上万份记录着耶稣的凡人生活的文件依然流传着. 为了改写历史, 康斯坦丁知道他必须采取大胆的行动. 由此, 基督教历史上影响最为深远的事件发生了."

难道"康斯坦丁是在耶稣去世四百年后才把他说成神的"? 如果这么认为就完全忽视了尼西亚会议(Council of Nicaea)前的圣经上和古教父们对耶稣基督的神性的教导, 更加没把作者自己所引用的异端诺斯替主义的教导放在眼里, 因为他们中有的没有否认耶稣的神性. 圣经没有"删掉了那些夸赞耶稣作为一个凡人所表现出来的美德", 那样做的是马西昂(Marcion). 圣经中的耶稣是完全的人也是完全的神, 有完全的人性和完整的神性. 否认耶稣人性或神性都是不符合圣经的教导的. 难道是"康斯坦丁把耶稣变成了一个超脱于人类世界、权力不容侵犯的神"? 恰恰相反, 耶稣的神性是自有永有的, 而他的人性却是在时候满足才取得的.

325年召开的尼西亚会议, 反对当时的亚流(Arius, 256-336)异端, 甚至亚流也并不反对耶稣的神性, 只是不认为他与父同等的神性, 认为子为父所造, 因此与父不同本质, 只是相似.

另外, 三百多人参加会议, 两人(Theonas of Marmarica, Secundus of Ptolemais)没有接受, 作者管这个叫"投票结果比较接近, 险些没被通过"? 闲话少说, 言归正传.

一、圣经显明了耶稣基督的神性

1. 他是神

1a. 耶稣的宣告证明他是自有永有的神, 与父同等

约8:58 耶稣说, 我实实在在地告诉你们, 还没有亚伯拉罕, 就有了我.
约10:30 我与父原为一.
……

1b. 他被称为是神

约20:28 多马说, 我的主, 我的神.
罗9:5 基督也是从他们出来的, 他是在万有之上, 永远可称颂的神. 阿们.
来1:8-9论到子却说, 神阿, 你的宝座是永永远远的, 你的国权是正直的. 你喜爱公义, 恨恶罪恶. 所以神就是你的神, 用喜乐油膏你, 胜过膏你的同伴.
赛9:6 因有一婴孩为我们而生, 有一子赐给我们. 政权必担在他的肩头上. 他名称为奇妙, 策士, 全能的神, 永在的父, 和平的君.

1c. 他的血被称为神的血

徒20:28 牧养神的教会, 就是他用自己血所买来的.

1d. 他被认为与神同等

腓2:6 他本有神的形像, 不以自己与神同等为强夺的.

2. 他与神有同样的称号

2a. 耶和华

太11:10 经上记着说, 我要差遣我的使者在你前面, 预备道路. 所说的就是这个人.
赛40:3 有人声喊着说, 在旷野预备耶和华的路, （或作在旷野有人声喊着说, 当预备耶和华的路）, 在沙漠地修平我们神的道.

2b. 荣耀的主

诗106:20 如此将他们荣耀的主, 换为吃草之牛的像.
林前2:8 这智慧世上有权有位的人没有一个知道的. 他们若知道, 就不把荣耀的主钉在十字架上了.
雅2:1 我的弟兄们, 你们信奉我们荣耀的主耶稣基督, 便不可按着外貌待人.

2c. 首先的, 是末后的

启22:13 我是阿拉法, 我是俄梅戛, 我是首先的, 我是末后的, 我是初, 我是终.
赛44:6 耶和华以色列的君, 以色列的救赎主万军之耶和华如此说, 我是首先的, 我是末后的, 除我以外, 再没有真神.
赛48:12 我是耶和华, 我是首先的, 也是末后的.

2d. 道就是神

约1:1 太初有道, 道与神同在, 道就是神.
约1:14 道成了肉身住在我们中间, 充充满满的有恩典有真理. 我们也见过他的荣光, 正是父独生子的荣光.

2e. 万有的主

耶10:16 51:96 雅各的分不像这些, 因他是造作万有的主. 以色列也是他产业的支派, 万军之耶和华是他的名.
徒10:36 神借着耶稣基督（他是万有的主）传和平的福音, 将这道赐给以色列人.

3. 他有神的属性

3a. 他是永恒的

约1:1 太初有道, 道与神同在, 道就是神.
西1:17 爱子是那不能看见之神的像, 是首生的, 在一切被造的以先. 因为万有都是靠他造的, 无论是天上的, 地上的, 能看见的, 不能看见的, 或是有位的, 主治的, 执政的, 掌权的, 一概都是借着他造的, 又是为他造的. 他在万有之先, 万有也靠他而立.
启1:8 主神说, 我是阿拉法, 我是俄梅戛（阿拉法俄梅戛乃希腊字母首末二字）, 是昔在今在以后永在的全能者.

3b. 他是无所不在的

太28:20 我就常与你们同在, 直到世界的末了.

3c. 他是无所不知的
约16:30 现在我们晓得你凡事都知道, 也不用人问你.

3d. 他是无所不能的

太28:18 耶稣进前来, 对他们说, 天上, 地下所有的权柄, 都赐给我了.
腓3:21 他要按着那能叫万有归服自己的大能, 将我们这卑贱的身体改变形状, 和他自己荣耀的身体相似.

3e. 他是永不改变的

来13:8 耶稣基督, 昨日今日一直到永远是一样的.

3f. 他是不可测度的

弗3:8 然而他还赐我这恩典, 叫我把基督那测不透的丰富, 传给外邦人.
太11:27 一切所有的, 都是我父交付我的. 除了父, 没有人知道子. 除了子和子所愿意指示的, 没有人知道父.

3g. 他是圣洁公义的

徒3:14 你们弃绝了那圣洁公义者, 反求着释放一个凶手给你们.
来7:26 像这样圣洁, 无邪恶, 无玷污, 远离罪人, 高过诸天的大祭司, 原是与我们合宜的.

4. 他的工作是神的工作

4a. 他是创造者

西1:15-16 爱子是那不能看见之神的像, 是首生的, 在一切被造的以先. 因为万有都是靠他造的, 无论是天上的, 地上的, 能看见的, 不能看见的, 或是有位的, 主治的, 执政的, 掌权的, 一概都是借着他造的, 又是为他造的.

4b. 他是救赎者

加3:13 基督既为我们受了咒诅, 就赎出我们脱离律法的咒诅.
多2:14 他为我们舍了自己, 要赎我们脱离一切罪恶, 又洁净我们, 特作自己的子民, 热心为善.

4c. 他是拯救者

徒4:12 除他以外, 别无拯救. 因为在天下人间, 没有赐下别的名, 我们可以靠着得救.
提前1:15 基督耶稣降世, 为要拯救罪人.

4d. 他赦免罪

可2:5-7 耶稣见他们的信心, 就对瘫子说, 小子, 你的罪赦了. 有几个文士坐在那里, 心里议论说, 这个人为什么这样说呢? 他说僭妄的话了. 除了神以外, 谁能赦罪呢?

4e. 他受敬拜

太14:33 在船上的人都拜他说, 你真是神的儿子了.
约5:23 叫人都尊敬子, 如同尊敬父一样. 不尊敬子的, 就是不尊敬差子来的父.
腓2:10 叫一切在天上的, 地上的, 和地底下的, 因耶稣的名, 无不屈膝,

4f. 他是事奉的对象

西3:24 你们所事奉的乃是主基督.

4g. 他是求告的对象

约14:14 你们若奉我的名求什么, 我必成就.

4h. 他行神迹

约6:2 有许多人, 因为看见他在病人身上所行的神迹, 就跟随他.

4i. 奉他的名施洗

太28:19 所以你们要去, 使万民作我的门徒, 奉父子圣灵的名, 给他们施洗.

……

二、尼西亚会议前教父们教导耶稣基督的神性

Ignatius 伊格那丢

"Ignatius, who is also called Theophorus, to the Church which is at Ephesus, in Asia, deservedly most happy, being blessed in the greatness and fulness of God the Father, and predestinated before the beginning of time, that it should be always for an enduring and unchangeable glory, being united and elected through the true passion by the will of the Father, and Jesus Christ, our God" (Letter to the Ephesians [A.D. 110]). http://www.ccel.org/fathers2/ANF-01/anf01-16.htm#P1093_206499

"For our God, Jesus Christ, was, according to the appointment of God, conceived in the womb by Mary, of the seed of David, but by the Holy Ghost. He was born and baptized, that by His passion He might purify the water." (ibid., 18:2). http://www.ccel.org/fathers2/ANF-01/anf01-16.htm#P1338_241878

"the Church which is sanctified and enlightened by the will of God, who formed all things that are according to the faith and love of Jesus Christ, our God and Saviour" (Letter to the Romans 1 [A.D. 110]). http://www.ccel.org/fathers2/ANF-01/anf01-19.htm#P1797_305873

Epistle to Diognetus 丢格乃妥书

"He did not, as one might have imagined, send to men any servant, or angel, or ruler, or any one of those who bear sway over earthly things, or one of those to whom the government of things in the heavens has been entrusted, but the very Creator and Fashioner of all things-by whom He made the heavens-by whom he enclosed the sea within its proper bounds"(The Epistle of Mathetes to Diognetus 7:2 [A.D. 125]). http://www.ccel.org/fathers2/ANF-01/anf01-08.htm#P688_125181

"As a king sends his son, who is also a king, so sent He Him; as God He sent Him; as to men He sent Him; as a Saviour He sent Him" (ibid., 7:4).

Justin Martyr 殉道者游斯丁

"who He is that is called at one time the Angel of great counsel, and a Man by Ezekiel, and like the Son of man by Daniel, and a Child by Isaiah, and Christ and God to be worshipped by David, and Christ and a Stone by many, and Wisdom by Solomon, and Joseph and Judah and a Star by Moses, and the East by Zechariah, and the Suffering One and Jacob and Israel by Isaiah again, and a Rod, and Flower, and Corner Stone, and Son of God, you would not have blasphemed Him who has now come, and been born, and suffered, and ascended to heaven; who shall also come again, and then your twelve tribes shall mourn. For if you had understood what has been written by the prophets, you would not have denied that He was God, Son of the only, unbegotten, unutterable God. For Moses says somewhere in Exodus the following: `The Lord spake to Moses, and said to him, I am the Lord, and I appeared to Abraham, to Isaac, and to Jacob, being their God; and my name I revealed not to them, and I established my covenant with them.' And thus again he says, 'A man wrestled with Jacob,' and asserts it was God; narrating that Jacob said, 'I have seen God face to face, and my life is preserved.'" (Dialogue of Justin with Trypho, A Jew 126 [A.D.] 155) http://www.ccel.org/fathers/ANF-01/just/justintrypho.html#Section126

Tatian 他提安

"We do not act as fools, O Greeks, nor utter idle tales, when we announce that God was born in the form of a man." (Address to the Greeks 21 [A.D. 170]). http://www.ccel.org/fathers2/ANF-02/anf02-37.htm#P1248_351200

Melito 墨利托

"For there is no need, to persons of intelligence, to attempt to prove, from the deeds of Christ subsequent to His baptism, that His soul and His body, His human nature like ours, were real, and no phantom of the imagination. For the deeds done by Christ after His baptism, and especially His miracles, gave indication and assurance to the world of the Deity hidden in His flesh. For, being at once both God and perfect man likewise, He gave us sure indications of His two natures: of His Deity, by His miracles during the three years that elapsed after His baptism; of His humanity, during the thirty similar periods which preceded His baptism, in which, by reason of His low estate as regards the flesh, He concealed the signs of His Deity, although He was the true God existing before all ages." (Fragment in Anastasius of Sinai’s The Guide 13 [A.D. 177]). http://www.ccel.org/fathers2/ANF-08/anf08-164.htm#P12067_3564294

Irenaeus 爱任纽

"The Church, though dispersed through our the whole world, even to the ends of the earth, has received from the apostles and their disciples this faith: [She believes] in one God, the Father Almighty, Maker of heaven, and earth, and the sea, and all things that are in them; and in one Christ Jesus, the Son of God, who became incarnate for our salvation; and in the Holy Spirit, who proclaimed through the prophets the dispensations of God, and the advents, and the birth from a virgin, and the passion, and the resurrection from the dead, and the ascension into heaven in the flesh of the beloved Christ Jesus, our Lord, and His [future] manifestation from heaven in the glory of the Father "to gather all things in one," and to raise up anew all flesh of the whole human race, in order that to Christ Jesus, our Lord, and God, and Saviour, and King, according to the will of the invisible Father, "every knee should bow, of things in heaven, and things in earth, and things under the earth, and that every tongue should confess" to Him ..." (Against Heresies 1:10:1 [A.D. 189]). http://www.ccel.org/fathers2/ANF-01/anf01-58.htm#P6368_1470835

"For I have shown from the Scriptures, that no one of the sons of Adam is as to everything, and absolutely, called God, or named Lord. But that He is Himself in His own right, beyond all men who ever lived, God, and Lord, and King Eternal, and the Incarnate Word, proclaimed by all the prophets, the apostles, and by the Spirit Himself, may be seen by all who have attained to even a small portion of the truth." (ibid., 3:19:2). http://www.ccel.org/fathers2/ANF-01/anf01-60.htm#P7782_2127092

Clement of Alexandria 亚历山大的革利免

"This Word, then, the Christ, the cause of both our being at first (for He was in God) and of our well-being, this very Word has now appeared as man, He alone being both, both God and man-the Author of all blessings to us; by whom we, being taught to live well, are sent on our way to life eternal." (Exhortation to the Greeks 1:7:1 [A.D. 190]). http://www.ccel.org/fathers2/ANF-02/anf02-50.htm#P2694_785619

Tertullian 特土良

"For God alone is without sin; and the only man without sin is Christ, since Christ is also God." (The Soul 41:3 [A.D. 210]). http://www.ccel.org/fathers2/ANF-03/anf03-22.htm#P2960_1045036

"Thus the nature of the two substances displayed Him as man and God,-in one respect born, in the other unborn" (The Flesh of Christ 5:6-7 [A.D. 210]). http://www.ccel.org/fathers2/ANF-03/anf03-39.htm#P9316_2557561

"That there are, however, two Gods or two Lords, is a statement which at no time proceeds out of our mouth: not as if it were untrue that the Father is God, and the Son is God, and the Holy Ghost is God, and each is God; but because in earlier times Two were actually spoken of as God, and two as Lord, that when Christ should come He might be both acknowledged as God and designated as Lord, being the Son of Him who is both God and Lord." (Against Praxeas 13:6 [A.D. 216]). http://www.ccel.org/fathers2/ANF-03/anf03-43.htm#P10554_2961035

Hippolytus 希坡律陀

"For Christ is the God above all ... does not diminish aught of the divinity of His divine perfection" (Refutation of All Heresies X.30 [A.D. 228]) http://www.ccel.org/fathers2/ANF-05/anf05-14.htm#P2490_815651

Novatian 诺洼天

"If Christ was only man, wherefore did He lay down for us such a rule of believing as that in which He said, 'And this is life eternal, that they should know Thee, the only and true God, and Jesus Christ, whom Thou hast sent? '[John 17:3]. Had He not wished that He also should be understood to be God, why did He add, "And Jesus Christ, whom Thou hast sent," except because He wished to be received as God also? Because if He had not wished to be understood to be God, He would have added, "And the man Jesus Christ, whom Thou hast sent; "but, in fact, He neither added this, nor did Christ deliver Himself to us as than only, but associated Himself with God, as He wished to be understood by this conjunction to be God also, as He is. We must therefore believe, according to the rule prescribed, on the Lord, the one true God, and consequently on Him whom He has sent, Jesus Christ, who by no means, as we have said, would have linked Himself to the Father had He not wished to be understood to be God also: for He would have separated Himself from Him had He not wished to be understood to be God." (Treatise on the Trinity 16 [A.D. 235]). http://www.ccel.org/fathers2/ANF-05/anf05-138.htm#P10251_3201165

Cyprian of Carthage 迦太基的居普良

"If of Christ; he could not become His temple, since he denies that Christ is God." (Epistle LXXII.12) http://www.ccel.org/fathers2/ANF-05/anf05-97.htm#P6266_1984159

Gregory Thaumaturgus 神行者贵格利

"There is one God, the Father of the living Word, who is His subsistent Wisdom and Power and Eternal Image: perfect Begetter of the perfect Begotten, Father of the only-begotten Son. There is one Lord, Only of the Only, God of God, Image and Likeness of Deity, Efficient Word, Wisdom comprehensive of the constitution of all things, and Power formative of the whole creation, true Son of true Father, Invisible of Invisible, and Incorruptible of Incorruptible, and Immortal of Immortal and Eternal of Eternal. ... And thus neither was the Son ever wanting to the Father, nor the Spirit to the Son; but without variation and without change, the same Trinity abideth ever." (Declaration of Faith [A.D. 265]). http://www.ccel.org/fathers2/ANF-06/anf06-06.htm

Arnobius 亚挪比乌

"Is that Christ of yours a god, then? some raving, wrathful, and excited man will say. A god, we will reply, and the god of the inner powers" (Against the Pagans I.42 [A.D. 305]). http://www.ccel.org/fathers2/ANF-06/anf06-134.htm

Lactantius 拉克单丢

"He became both the Son of God through the Spirit, and the Son of man through the flesh,-that is, both God and man." (Divine Institutes IV.13.5 [A.D. 307]). http://www.ccel.org/fathers2/ANF-07/anf07-07.htm#P1298_561451

"Some one may perhaps ask how, when we say that we worship one God only, we nevertheless assert that there are two, God the Father and God the Son: which assertion has driven many into the greatest error. ... they consider that we fail in this one point alone, that we confess that there is another God, and that He is mortal. ... When we speak of God the Father and God the Son, we do not speak of them as different, nor do we separate each: because the Father cannot exist without the Son, nor can the Son be separated from the Father, since the name of Father cannot be given without the Son, nor can the Son be begotten without the Father." (Ibid. 4:28–29). http://www.ccel.org/fathers2/ANF-07/anf07-07.htm#P1676_679056

目录：

·      新约圣经被篡改吗?

·      耶稣曾结婚吗?

·      尼西亚会议决定耶稣的神性吗?

·      基督教来自异教吗?

【作者: 基甸】【访问统计:】【2005年10月17日 星期一 20:50】【注册】【打印】